Organizational Culture And Leadership Styles Education Essay

Organizational Culture And Leadership Styles Education Essay Human learning in the 21st century will be as different from human learning in the 20th century as the micro-chip and neural networks are from the valve. (Lepani,1994, p. 3). In this century the scope and pace of change seem to be accelerating in all areas of human existence. We have to move with it or ahead of it if we are not to be left behind. Academic institutions are feeling this tidal wave of change in ways that have left many educators consciously or otherwise confused, exhausted and disillusioned. (Deal, 1990, p.131) Change can be seen as evolutionary and dynamic with an emphasis on continuous learning and adaptation (Dixon, 1994; Fullan, 1991; Fullan and Miles, 1992). The challenge for academic institutions is to adopt change strategies that provide internal stability while moving ahead. This challenge may be able to be met in education and elsewhere by focusing on a change strategy where learning comes to be seen as the single most important resource for organizational re newal in the postmodern age (Hargreaves, 1995). The nations that lead the world into the next century will be those who can shift from being knowledge transformational bodies to those that will have the capacity to possess, renew and utilize knowledge successfully. The major issue that confronts educators is whether or not we can transform education and create academic institutions that can successfully prepare our nations students for life. This process calls for leadership at all levels, a good school culture and personal commitment of those who are responsible for these institutions. They must take the time to seriously consider the kinds of changes that are needed. They have to address the needs of students and teachers and then a fundamental transformation of education could happen. There are many routes for organizational development through change, which can be used to improve an organizations quality. Learning organization models provide one administrative method that can be used to provide direction for organizational achievement for both public and private organizations (Makasarnont, 1997). As Hoy and Miskel (2001) state, academic institutions are service organizations that are committed to teaching and learning. The academic institutions functions as a learning organization in order to continue to improve performance and build capacity to manage change (Corcoran and Goertz, 1995) in an environment where academic institutions are becoming increasingly borderless. Conceptualizing academic institutions as learning organizations is appropriate, given the new challenges of a fast-changing world. To be relevant in a knowledge society, new skills, capabilities and knowledge are required. The focus of each academic institution should therefore fall on the enhancement of individual commitments to continuous learning by creation of an enabling enterpreutionial culture and transformational leaders for the development and growth of academic institutions as Learning Organizations. Teachers have to be awake to these changes and must try to improve their skills all the time. They cannot stop their learning simply because they have graduated from school or the university and have been employed; if they would like to be successful, they must grow. They have to keep on learning from their experiences, environment, or their organization. As Lassey (1998) shows successful people are people who learn. Without learning, there is no improvement; and without improv ement the institutions stagnate. The institutions should be places where participants continually expand their capacities to create and to achieve. If academic institutions are to be effective learning organizations, they must find ways to create structures that continuously support teaching and learning and enhance organizational adaptation. Therefore the learning organization is the important thing that an administrator has to create in her/his school in order to give leaders, teachers and students an opportunity for learning continuously, based on the belief that the more people learn, the better they can perform when they go on in life. Need for the Study Many academic institutions are struggling to meet the requirements for academic performance. In this study academic institutions is narrowed down to only schools, as they are base in the description of an academic institution. Despite numerous promising initiatives from the government to promote student success in schools, overall gains in student performance have been disappointing. Some commentators have suggested that nothing less than a fundamental redesign of the educational system will begin to address the hurdles faced by students in succeeding at school (Boyd Shouse, 1997). Coleman (1997) noted that the highly bureaucratic nature of Government schools stifles creative problem solving and blocks receptivity to large-scale and transformative system reform. He described schools as administratively driven organizations with long feedback loops from the top of the organization (for example, the principal) to component subsystems (for example, teachers and students). Coleman consi dered schools with decentralized authority structures and norms of accountability and social support, which he labels as output-driven organizations, as having more promise than ones with traditional bureaucratic forms for increasing teacher and student performance. With growing concerns about the ability of the public education system to respond to the needs of students (Orfield et al., 2004), many voices in the school reform movement have discussed the need for schools to operate as learning organizations, which addresses the importance of faculty and staff working together to solve problems through networking and team learning (Senge et al., 2000). The degree to which schools function as learning organizations may not only influence the willingness of school employees to embrace new innovations for promoting student achievement, but also their personal well-being, their sense of efficacy in working with students, their work satisfaction, and their evaluation of the school as a hi gh-performing organization. A burgeoning number of empirical investigations offer support for these types of positive effects from schools functioning as learning organizations (Lick, 2006; Orthner et al., 2006). I believe that understanding schools as learning organizations offers the potential to unlock the creative and dynamic processes that schools require to undergo fundamental and significant change initiatives. Only then do we believe that schools will begin to address the challenges they face in educating children and youths and in closing the significant gaps in educational achievement and life success. The phenomenon known as the learning organisations has during the past three decades been discussed widely in the literature (Khadra Rawabdeh, 2006; Moilanen, 2001, 2005; Hawkins, 1991; Watkins Marsick, 1993; Senge, 1990; Pedler, Burgoyne Boydell, 1991). Unfortunately, the concept of the learning organization remains abstract and elusive for many school level practitioners, which reflects, in part, a strong leaning toward a constructivist approach in the study of organizational learning. School personnel also have relatively few tools available to examine this aspect of their schools, and assessment is the first step in the evidence-based practice planning sequence. During the past century much has been learned about how the brain works and how students learn. We have also learned that how schools can be organized in what that can enhance the quality of learning that students experience and we know a great deal about the kinds of conditions that are necessary for change to occur. The issue in Indian Educational system is to find a way to create the conditions that will encourage the learning organization concept which is needed to transform Indian academic organizations. What is also clear is that leadership is a critical component of the transformation of education. However, the kind of leadership that is needed is fundamentally different than what has traditionally been the case. Leaders must be able to transform their academic institutions. This has been widely discussed the literature (Jones Rudd, 2007; Reed, 2006; Bartling Bartlett, 2005; CASEL, 2006; Bamburg, 1997; West, 1999; Telford, 1996; Barnett, Marsh Carven, 2003; Stander Rothman n, 2009) and hence the inclusion of this as a variable in this study. As small schools become more autonomous, they create new identities and establish unique school cultures. It is also believed that the schools culture is inextricably linked to classroom culture. Many researchers have explored the challenges of building school culture (Silver, 2003; Zilwa, 2007; Ferreira Hill, 2008; Niemann Kotzà ©, 2006; Thomas Willcoxson, 1998; Raywid, 2001;). The researches explore various approaches to the issue of organizational culture, including techniques from the business world, the connection to physical spaces, and the use of traditions (Berg Wilderom, 2004; Fard.et.al, 2007;). A schools culture includes the obvious elements of schedules, curriculum, demographics, and policies, as well as the social interactions that occur within those structures and give a school its look and feel as friendly, elite, competitive, inclusive, and so on. Just as culture is critical to understanding the dynamics behind any thriving community, organization, or business, t he daily realities and deep structure of school life hold the key to educational success. Reforms that strive for educational excellence are likely to fail unless they are meaningfully linked to the schools unique culture and hence the inclusion of this variable in this study. Teachers play an important role in the success of any school. The personal commitment of the teacher has a very strong influence in the smooth functioning of the school and the school to develop into a learning organization. Personal commitment could be commitment for ones own development and commitment for the development of the school and students. Research on commitment has generally focused on either the antecedents or the consequences of commitment. Early studies of commitment explored the antecedents of commitment and found four general antecedents, namely: personal characteristics, job characteristics, work experiences, and role-related characteristics (Mathieu and Hamel 1989; Mowday, Porter and Steers 1982). Some of the earlier studies also explored the role played by demographic variables on commitment. The demographic variables found to have influence on commitment are: age (Mathieu and Zajac 1990), organizational tenure (Mathieu and Hamel 1989), position tenure (Gregersen and Black 1992), and education (DeCotiis and Summers 1987). Furthermore, Glisson and Durick (1988) identified skill variety and role ambiguity as predictors of satisfaction and leadership, and the age of the organization as predictor of commitment. The impact of commitment on organizational level outcomes has also been explored in a number of studies. However, it is the consequence of affective commitment which is more often studied in the literature. This is because high levels of affective commitment are shown to be related to a number of positive behavioral level outcomes and job attitudes (Hislop 2003; Cooper-Hakim and Viswesvaran 2005). Further Organizational commitment and professional commitment of teachers in schools have been researched on (Sood Anand, 2009; Karakus Aslan, 2009; Weber, 1990; Coladarci, 1992; Menep. I, 2010; Iqbal, 2010; Borgei. et.al, 2010;). Although the study of commitment has been advanced from a range of theoretical perspectives, it is interesting to note that very few attempts have been made by researchers to work on personal commitment. The belief is that an understanding of the relationship between leadership, culture and commitment is necessary. As a teacher educator I think that personal com mitment of teachers is very important in transforming schools into a learning organization and no researches have been done in this area, hence the inclusion of the variable in this study. Conceptual Framework Schools as Learning Organization To present a theoretical framework in which the school as learning organization can be grounded, the study is using The learning disciplines (Senge et al., 1996:4). According to Peter Senge (1990: 3) learning organizations are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. While all people have the capacity to learn, the structures in which they have to function are often not conducive to reflection and engagement. Furthermore, people may lack the tools and guiding ideas to make sense of the situations they face. Organizations that are continually expanding their capacity to create their future require a fundamental shift of mind among their members.  For Peter Senge, real learning gets to the heart of what it is to be human. We become able to re -create ourselves. This applies to both individuals and organizations. Thus, for a learning organization it is not enough to survive. Survival learning or what is more often termed adaptive learning is important indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization, adaptive learning must be joined by generative learning, learning that enhances our capacity to create (Senge 1990:14). The dimension that distinguishes learning from more traditional organizations is the mastery of certain basic disciplines or component technologies. The five that Peter Senge identifies are said to be converging to innovate learning organizations. They are: Systems thinking, Personal mastery, Mental models, Building shared vision Team learning Personal mastery According to Senge et al. (1996:194) the term mastery evolved from the medieval French, maitre, which meant someone who was exceptionally proficient and skilled a master of a craft. Maitre as it is used today means the capacity, not only to produce results, but also to master the principles that underpin the way an individual produces those results. Mastery is a commitment to be the best in whatever is done (Secretan, 1997:54). Educators who strive to become masters of their craft are often those who would be described as being committed to their work in their respective schools. According to Zecha (1994:6) and Kushman (1992:6), there are two types of educator commitment, namely organizational commitment and commitment to student learning which are effective ingredients for transforming schools into learning organisations. Mental models Research by Senge et al. (1996:235-236) indicates that mental models are subjective images, deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations and stories that people carry in their minds about themselves, other people, institutions and events that take place in the world. These mental maps act as a filtering system for our judgments and influence how we take actions based on these judgments. If these mental maps or models are not questioned they could become blockages to change. To succeed in transforming schools into learning organizations it is important that individual educators learn how to unearth their internal pictures (subjective images) of the world and bring these to the surface and critically scrutinize them. This can be done if meaningful conversations are encouraged in the school, where educators expose their own thinking patterns and also listen to other colleagues. These conversations can influence individuals to shift their thinking patterns and see the other side of the story. Shared vision A shared vision is an all-encompassing world view which provides focus for an individual and the team concerning what is to be learnt and what is to be valued (Bierema Berdish, 1996:6). This shared vision answers the question: What will success look like? This question acts as a motivating force for sustained action to achieve individual and school goals. It is a guiding image of success formed in terms of a contribution to the school. According to Johnson and Johnson (1994:9) a shared vision creates a basic sense of sink or swim together among the members of the school. A powerful vision binds educators to mutual commitments through collaboration to achieve individual and school goals. Team learning The discipline of team learning starts with dialogue, which is the capacity of members of a team to suspend their assumptions and enter into a genuine thinking together. According to Senge et al., 1996:352), team learning is the discipline that has to do with learning about alignment. Alignment means functioning as a whole or in a cohesive group committed to a common purpose. This alignment is achieved through sustained dialogue that may result in knowledge sharing and recognizing interdependencies among team members (Murgatroyd Morgan, 1993:73). The discipline of dialogue involves learning how to recognize the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. The patterns of defensiveness are often deeply ingrained in how a team operates. Therefore, the impact of team learning is the establishment of shared values, vision, mission, and core strategies to achieve individual and school goals. The fifth discipline, systems thinking, incorporates the other four learning discipl ines. Systems thinking Systems thinking is based on system dynamics; it is highly conceptual and provides ways of understanding practical school issues. It looks at systems in terms of particular types of cycles and it includes explicit system modeling of complex issues. The discipline of systems thinking teaches that in any social phenomenon it is important to look at the whole picture. In systems thinking the school is looked at as a system that is interconnected to different parts of life that intersect and influence each other. These interrelated parts are bound together in such a way that they become coherent to one another (French Bell, 1995:93). The components of a school include learners, educators, context, student learning processes and any identifiable component that affects learning. Therefore, the essence of systems thinking lies in a shift of mind to one that sees:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ interrelationships rather than linear cause-effect chains; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ processes of change rather than sn ap shots. The discipline of systems thinking starts with understanding the concept of feedback: that is how actions can reinforce or counteract (balance) each other. In trying to build effective learning environments, educators have to learn to see the deeper patterns and interrelationships of change. Leadership Leadership is a described as being one of social sciences most examined phenomena (Antonakis, Cianciolo, Sternberg, 2004). Shoemaker (1998) suggested that leadership is difficult to characterize as the field is punctured by inconclusive definitions as to the role and function of leadership. The latest chapter in the almost 100 year history of leadership research is dominated by the development of transformational leadership theory embodied in the Full Range of Leadership Model (Antonakis, et al., 2004; Bass, 1998). This approach to leadership focuses on the charismatic and affective elements of leadership. Northouse (2004) described transformational leadership as a process that changes and transforms individuals. It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals, and includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings (p. 169). Furthermore, as Bass (1985) advocated, by engaging in transformational leadershi p behaviors a leader transforms followers. In reality this means that followers are changed from being self-centered individuals to being committed members of a group, they are then able to perform at levels far beyond what normally might have been expected (Antonakis, et al., 2004, p.175). The model of transformational leadership includes a continuum of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire forms of leadership. Each form characterizes aspects of the dynamic process of interaction between leader and follower but identifies certain patterns and features to distinguish transformational leadership from transactional and laissez-faire styles (Avolio, 1999). The transformational leader pays particular attention to others needs, which, in turn, raises followers levels of motivation (Avolio, 1999; Bass, 1998). Furthermore, a leader of this type encourages others to reach their full potential while also adopting a strong ethical characteristic. Whereas, transactional leaders, approach followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another (Burns, 1978, p. 4), with the leaders use of either reward or punishment contingent on the followers completion or non-completion of assigned tasks. Laissez-faire leadership involves indifference and avoidance as a leader with this profile will avoid making decisions, abdicate responsibilities, divert attention from hard choices, and will talk about getting down to work, but never really does (Bass, 1998, p. 148). Senge proposes that in learning organizations the leaders new work should include a commitment to: being the organizations architect; providing stewardship; and being a teacher. For schools to become learning organizations, the schools leader(s) must accept responsibility for creating conditions that promote and enhance that learning. Principals must create opportunities for teachers to acquire information about what is occurring in the school and engage them in finding solutions to the problems that occur. A fundamental difference between the old view of leadership and that proposed by Senge is that the leader has a responsibility to create opportunities for teachers to learn about current research and apply that research in their classrooms in an environment that promotes learning. Perhaps most important of all, principals need to create a climate that promotes risk taking and eliminates the fear of failure. If these things can be done successfully schools will then possess the capacity to develop a shared vision about what needs to be done and engage in the kinds of activities that are needed to make their shared vision a reality. Organizational Culture Organizational culture has been defined from various perspectives (Carroll and Nafukho, 2006; Popper and Lipshitz, 1995; Shien, 1990; Alvesson, 2002; Cook and Yanow, 1993; Adler and Jelinek, 1996; Argris, 1999). According to Marguardt (2002), culture is an organizations values, beliefs, practices, rituals and customs. The culture of a learning organization habitually learns and works to integrate processes in all organization functions. In effect, the learning organizations culture is constantly evolving and travels along an infinite continuum in a harmonious learning environment. Ultimately, the goal is an exchange of useful knowledge leading to innovation, and improved learning public organizations. The various terms used in the context of organizational culture are: values, ethics, beliefs, ethos, climate, environmental culture. Ethics refers to normative aspects to what is socially desirable. Values, beliefs: attitudes and norms are interrelated. Interaction between beliefs and values results in attitude formation and then produces norms. Values and benefits are the core, while attitudes are the next layer, followed by the norms or behavior. Then these get institutionalized, or when they accumulate and integrate we have social phenomena. The eight important values relevant to institution building are openness, confrontation, trust, authenticity, pro-action, autonomy, collaboration and experimentation. Openness: openness can be defined as a spontaneous expression of feeling and thoughts, and the sharing of these without defensiveness. Openness is in both directions, receiving and giving. Both these may relate to ideas (including suggestions, feedback (including criticism), and feelings. For example, openness means receiving without reservation, and taking steps to encourage more feedbacks and suggestions from customers, colleagues and others. Similarly, it means giving without hesitation, ideas, information, feedback, feelings, etc. openness may also mean spatial openness, in terms of accessibility. Confrontation: confrontation can be defined as facing rather than shying away from problems. It also implies deeper analysis of interpersonal problems. All this involves taking up challenges. Trust: trust is not used in the moral sense. It is reflected in maintaining the confidentiality of information shared by others, and in not misusing it. It is also reflected in a sense of a assurance that others will help, when such help is needed and will honor mutual commitments and obligations. Trust is also reflected in accepting what another person says at face value, and not searching for ulterior motives. Trust is an extremely important ingredient in the institution building processes. Authenticity: authenticity is the congruence between what one feels, says and does. It is reflected in owning up ones mistakes, and in unreserved sharing of feelings. Authenticity is closer to openness. The outcome of authenticity in an organization is reduced distortion in communication. Pro-action: pro-action means taking initiative, preplanning and taking preventive action, and calculating the payoffs of an alternative course before taking action. The term pro-act can be contrasted with the term react. Pro-activity gives initiative to the person to start a new process or set a new pattern of behavior. Pro-activity involves unusual behavior. In this sense pro-activity means freeing oneself from, and taking action beyond immediate concerns. A person showing pro-activity functions at all the three levels of feeling, thinking and action. Autonomy: Autonomy is using and giving freedom to plan and act in ones own sphere. It means respecting and encouraging individual and role autonomy. It develops mutual respect and is likely to result in willingness to take on responsibility, individual initiative, better succession planning. The main indicator of autonomy is effective delegation in organization and reduction in references made to senior people for approval of planned actions. Collaboration: Collaboration is giving help to, and asking for help from, others. It means working together (individuals and groups to solve problems and team spirit. The outcome of collaboration includes timely help, team work, sharing of experiences, improved communication and improved resource sharing. Experimenting: Experimenting means using and encouraging innovative approaches to solve problems, using feedbacks for improving, taking a fresh look at things and encouraging creativity. Personal Commitment Mowday, Steers and Porter (1979, p. 226), defined commitment as the relative strength of an individuals identification with, and involvement in a particular organization. Although many definitions of commitment have been presented since the seminal work of Mowday et al. (1979), it is the conception of Meyer and Allen (1991), which identifies three distinctive dimensions affective, normative, and continuance that has been the cornerstone of extant theorizing in the area of commitment (Herrbach, 2006). Mowday, Porter and Steers (1982) Model Commitment (Attitudinal Commitment), to an organization involves three components: (a) a strong belief in and acceptance of organizational goals and values, (b) a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and (c) a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization (Mowday et al., 1982). Research on organizational commitment has been examined primarily in relation to labour turnover (Ferris Aranya, 1983; Hom, Katerberg Hulin, 1979; Huselid Day, 1991; Mowday, Steers Porter, 1979; OReilly Caldwell, 1980; Wiener Vardi, 1980; Steers, 1977; Stumpf Hartman, 1984). Meyer and Allen (1997) Model Meyer and Allen (1997) view organizational commitment as a three component concept. The three components in their model are Affective, Continuous, and Normative. The affective commitment describes the emotional attachment an individual has with the organization, their identification with the goals and values of the organization and the level of their involvement (Zanagro, 2001). Affective commitment is taken as a construct closely related to identification (Bergami Bagozzi, 2000). Continuance commitment is based on the cost that an employee associates with leaving the organizations, such as reduction in pay, pension, benefits, or facilities (Herbiniak Alluto, 1972). Normative commitment is associated with employees feelings of obligation to continue employment due to the work culture and other socially accepted norms (Weiner Gechman, 1977). The less common approach to viewing commitment is in terms of obligation. Of the three components least is known about the development of norm ative commitment (Meyer Allen, 1997). The three dimensions highlight commitment from the perspectives of attachment, obligation, and necessity respectively. From the above conceptual framework, a model is drawn for better understanding. Organizational Culture Openness Confrontation Trust Authenticity Proaction Autonomy Collaboration Experimentation Leadership Transformational Transactional Laissez-Faire Personal Commitment Own Development Student Institutional Development Learning Organization Personal Mastery Mental Models Shared Vision Team Learning Systems Thinking Review of Literature Schools as Learning Organization Bowen et.al., 2007-Assessing the Functioning of Schools as Learning Organizations: Using data from the population of employees in 11 middle schools in North Carolina and building on an earlier analysis, this study examines the reliability and validity of a new assessment tool for assessing schools as learning organizations: the School Success Profile Learning Organization. The results align with the conceptual model that informed the development of the measure, including support for the two hypothesized learning organization components: actions and sentiments. Kelleher Michael, 2007 Learning Organization: The author designed a model for a learning organization: The model of the learning organization, with its three dimensional approach, proposes strategies within the domains of individual, team and organizational learning. He concluded by saying if lifelong learning is to become a reality, it will become increasingly important to ensure that strategies and actions support the development of learning organizations. If overlooked, the world of work could well be that area of peoples lives where learning is not explicit, supported and developed. Moloi K.C..et al., 2006 Educators perceptions of the school as a learning organization in the Vanderbijlpark-North District, South Africa: This article outlines the principal findings of research that sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of schools as learning organizations in the Vanderbijl Park-North District of the Gauteng province of South Africa. The quantitative research methodology used was of major importance in obtaining data that were grounded largely on the theoretical framework of learning organizations as wel

The purpose and activities of each functional area and internal and external communications at coca cola

The main functional areas are Human Resources, Production, and Administration, Finance, Marketing, R&D. the main functional areas in the coca cola company are HR, Production and Administration. Human Resources The human resources department recruits the best people for the right jobs. For coca cola the human resources department looks for people who have skills and experience in driving Lorries. They should be honest and happy in what they do. They produce a frame work which helps them to identify the right person for the work. They check out the attendance, punctuality of the employees. They check whether the employees are paid on time and whether they are late. They first advertise internally for a job that needs to be replaced before advertising it externally. They make sure that an employee only works over one time once a week. There is a training manager in coca cola who trains employees from ages 16-65. They never stop training and they have to train themselves continuously. Production Production department helps improve the products. Managers help others in their work in the production department and they guide them through their jobs. They tell the employees in that department what to do and they produce new ideas and alternative to the company. Their main target is to only loose about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10000 a year of yield and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 a week. They also help to improve machines. They have a microbiologist in the coca cola company. He inspects the hygiene, in the production line and the raw material. He checks for contamination like moulds, bacteria and coli foam, he checks normal hygiene as well. Costic and parasitic acid removes the debris from inside the vessels and sterilizes it; he makes sure that this is still not in it while making the product. All areas are checked by a swab before production and the documents have to be checked by him. They have around 300 people working in the production department in coca cola and around 47,735 people working in McDonalds. Comparing this to coca cola there is a big difference. This shows that machines have taken over in coca cola but not in McDonalds. This also tells us that coca cola has grown and developed faster than the tertiary sector that is McDonalds. Coca cola make 24,000 drinks per hour. Administration In the administration department they have to do the filing and arrangements to see people. The PA Wendy Savides aim is to make sure that the boss knows where he is to be at a certain time. She also has to manage other people. She has a diary which contains the appointment for the boss and she helps him in any way, with meetings, charities, local donations. Marketing There are four basic aspects of marketing that is used in coca cola called the â€Å"four P's†: *Product: The item or service they sell. *Price: The amount they charge for their product or service. *Promote: The ways they inform the market as to who, what and where they are. *Provide: The channels you use to take the product to the customer. As you can see, marketing encompasses much more than just advertising or selling. For example, a major part of marketing involves researching your customers: What do they want? What can they afford? What do they think? Your understanding and application of the answers to such questions play a major role in the success or failure of your business. Advertising is a good way to inform people what is available to buy and if there where no adverts we wouldn't know what to buy or we would end up buying the same products and not trying anything different. But on the other hand adverts can encourage us to buy things that we don't need because they make the product look or sound really good and a lot of the time the product isn't as good as advertisements make them out to be. Coca cola spent around 569 million into ads in 2002. This shows that they have put a lot of time, money and ideas into the advertisements and they have made their money by the number of drinks they have sold. Coca cola's target audience varies with the different drinks. Fanta is aimed for women and teenagers. Coca-cola classic is aimed for all ages. Diet cola is aimed mostly for women from ages 25-35. This is quite alike with McDonalds because only a certain age people buy a product like women buy salads and a chicken sandwich. Finance HR is the most important functional area to the workers but to the boss its finance. This area controls all money in the business, and they are responsible for all money that goes in and out the business. Every so often the gives the other departments some money and they must stick to that. If they break their budget they must explain why. All money, which is spent, must first go through finance and only a senior worker can give consent for it. They are also responsible for paying every one in the company. They must give as report every week of how their cash flow is going, they must be precise to the last digit or they will be in big trouble. They must also prepare cash flow forecasts and break even charts; these must be shown at each company meeting. If all of these things aren't done correctly then the company could go bankrupt or the financial manager may get done for fraud. This section is very important and is vital for the businesses success. Marketing helps them in the aim of having bottled water. They can advertise their product and help them find out what people really want from their money. HR can help find experienced people for the different work, which will help them achieve improving working relationship. Finance helps them to see how much money they have and how much they need to buy things. Administration helps them to control the communication between the functions. They deal with internal and external communications. It facilitates the successful production of products and efficiency in the business. Production is the heart of the business as it creates profit and is the reason the business is running. This helps them achieve most of their aims like major rise in profit. The human resources department needs to communicate with production manager for several reasons. I asked Andrea Reeves the HR manager and she said, ‘we communicate well to know the attendance, punctuality of the employees so that we can see which workers are good for promotions and stuff like that.' She said that ‘we have to even communicate to the finance department to see that the employees are paid. We do this by Email internally, presentation.' PA needs to communicate with production manager to see whether they are producing enough bottles per hour and if they are going according the plan. They would want to check if they are being environmentally friendly. They communicate by phone or e-mail internally. The production manager would communicate with the microbiologist to see if there are any bacteria or whether they should start producing the drinks. They would want to know the status of the machines and whether they need to through out any drinks that are if the bacteria was in the machines while the drinks were made. This would contaminate the drinks. They communicate face to face or by phone internally. The marketing manager needs to communicate with the finance department to see how much money they have to invest in a making of a product. They communicate by the phone and by fax. The functional areas of coca cola are strong and secure; they help coca cola achieve their aims. They need to communicate with each other for several reasons, whether it's important or just a question about lateness. The advantages of talking, intranet and meetings are that it is efficient and quicker. Using e-mails and phone record involves ICT which can make things complicated and can take time. The business communicates to customers through the website mainly and sometimes through news articles. They sell their products through promotions their latest one is the free music download. If there is a problem then the customers call the customer line. They can complain to the services about the product which then goes to the coca cola administration department. Coca cola is responsible for the product till it reaches the hands of the customer. To do this the company needs to keep in contact with the store or market. They also need to contact about the times they need to deliver new drinks and where the drinks should be kept as well. The company gets their yield ready made so they don't know what it is made of but they put down some basic ingredients like caffeine.

Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College - Overview

Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College - Overview Before writing a comparative essay, you first have to arm yourself with the data you demand. Writing tips will allow you to organize the outline and compose the essay. Writing an excellent essay might be a bit of cake if you're feeling inspired. Writing a compare and contrast essay may be difficult but we will be able to help you. Now the thesis statement can be produced, and the particular details can develop into the paragraphs. Below are a few common examples. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your first thesis. When you have selected your topic and completed your outline, you might want to develop a thesis statement. The 3 body paragraphs will talk about A and B simultaneously connected to the points following the point-by-point strategy. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the form of compare and contrast essay that you're handling. A complete number of paragraphs in the body section is dependent on a range of aspects or criteria you must discuss. In a lot of sections of text's primary body you are going to demonstrate different contrast or compare points. Ok, I Think I Understand Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College, Now Tell Me About Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College! Since you may see, the topics are split between multiple categ ories so it would be simpler that you select one. Before you begin, it is vital to choose topics that you truly know well. In the majority of instances, the topics you select should be closely related. Lucky for you, there are a lot of topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to ascertain the precise topic that you wish to build on. Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College and Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College - The Perfect Combination College is a time for students to concentrate on courses that are unique to the student's career objectives. Students have to successfully finish the curriculum of both educational institutions as a way to advance in many careers. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. College students are our very first category. Our experts will inform you absolutely the very same, but after teaching you the way to compose a compare and contrast essay. Public colleges are also more likely to provide a wide array of academic programs. If you're not entirely certain what subject you'd love to major in yet, it is worth it to attend a university in which you have access to numerous choices. Both small and big universities can provide students with the opportunities to attain educational objectives. Some instructors prefer that you just write about the differences between two things, but others would like you to concentrate on explaining the similarities too. The approach depends upon the essence of your subject Significance not only must you to clarify the value of the principal topic, but in addition mention the importance of comparisons or contrasts. You may also choose 1 topic at this time and begin practicing. You see that it's an unusual topic which may be quite tough to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. The Demise of Compare and Contrast Essay Samples College A superb actor is much enjoy a superb teacher. The movie is a blend of interviews, archive footage. When it can be simpler to write on a well-known topic, with a little bit of research and organization, a writer can make an essay on an assortment of subject areas if assigned. For example an individual may opt for a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf.

Telfono de informacin a migrantes mexicanos

Los mexicanos en Estados Unidos o en Mà ©xico pero con familiares en el paà ­s del Norte tienen a su disposicià ³n un nà ºmero de telà ©fono al que pueden llamar para resolver sus inquietudes migratorias y consulares y tambià ©n sobre detenidos o desaparecidos. Es el telà ©fono del Centro de Informacià ³n y Atencià ³n a Migrantes (CIAM, por sus siglas). Es un gran call center ubicado en Tucson, Arizona, pero que resuelve inquietudes y presta un gran servicio social a mexicanos en todo Estados Unidos. Es decir, pueden llamar sin importar donde està ©n. Las llamadas dentro de los Estados Unidos son gratis. Ademà ¡s, el CIAM cuenta con un nà ºmero al que se puede marcar desde Mà ©xico y que es muy à ºtil para los familiares de personas que han migrado a los Estados Unidos.   No importa la condicià ³n migratoria de la persona que llama o del migrante sobre el que se quiere saber el paradero. En este artà ­culo se explica:quà © tipo de inquietudes resuelve la CIAMcuà ¡les son los telà ©fonos a marcar tanto desde Estados Unidos como desde Mà ©xicocuà ¡l es el horario y los dà ­as para llamar Quà © informacià ³n o ayuda puede brindar el CIAM Se puede llamar al CIAM si se tiene inquietudes sobre: El paradero de un familiar que cruzà ³ ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos. Los operadores del CIAM pueden llamar a los centros de migrantes de las zonas fronterizas y tambià ©n, en casos extremos en los que se tema por la vida de una persona que puede estar extraviada en el desierto, a la Patrulla Fronteriza.   Tambià ©n se resuelven inquietudes sobre la localizacià ³n de personas detenidas. Se ayuda a buscar en la base de datos de Inmigracià ³n. Asimismo, realizan bà ºsquedas en bases de datos pà ºblicas de las Cortes, de los  departamentos de sheriffs y de los distintos estados. Tambià ©n se informa de cà ³mo enviar dinero y cartas a familiares detenidos. Asimismo, los migrantes detenidos pueden marcar el nà ºmero de la CIAM, porque es gratuito y, por lo tanto, es algo que pueden hacer desde prisià ³n. Y a partir de ahà ­ los presos pueden pedirle al operador  que se comunique con la familia del detenido en Estados Unidos o en Mà ©xico. Se puede solicitar informacià ³n migratoria. Por ejemplo, de cuà ¡les son los requisitos para beneficiarse de la Accià ³n Diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que afecta a miles de muchachos mexicanos. Y tambià ©n sobre posibles cambios en las leyes migratorias. Tambià ©n brinda informacià ³n sobre quà © hacer y dà ³nde pedir ayuda en casos de violencia domà ©stica, trà ¡fico de personas, asalto sexual, và ­ctimas de violencia  o fraude de derechos laborales. Se pueden hacer preguntas consulares, como renovacià ³n de pasaportes o cà ³mo hacer para tramitar un pago de pensià ³n de alimentos o cà ³mo sacar en un consulado la matrà ­cula consular. Se brinda informacià ³n sobre programas de educacià ³n y sanidad en todo Estados Unidos a travà ©s del Instituto de Mexicanos en el Exterior y Ventanillas de Salud. La CIAM tambià ©n realiza recomendaciones para abogados de inmigracià ³n de confianza y reputados y tambià ©n organizaciones de ayuda a migrantes sin fines de lucro en el lugar de residencia de la persona que llama. Tambià ©n se puede pedir ayuda para proceder a la identificacià ³n de cadà ¡veres e informacià ³n sobre quà © hacer para el traslado de fallecidos. Es posible que el CIAM no pueda resolver todo el problema o gestià ³n por la que se llama y que se realice una referencia a un consulado cercano al lugar desde donde se llama. Pero indicarà ¡n quà © hacer y a quà © oficina hay que dirigirse. Finalmente,  hay que tener en cuenta es que si se busca a una persona de la que no se sabe su paradero o està ¡ detenida, el operario del call center pedirà ¡ datos con los que poder confirmar que el que solicita la informacià ³n es un familiar del desaparecido o detenido.   Esto es asà ­ para proteger a los migrantes y evitar dar datos sobre ellos a personas que pueden perseguir intereses perjudiciales para los inmigrantes, como por ejemplo, los coyotes. Telà ©fonos para solicitar asistencia Desde Estados Unidos, marcar al: 1-855-4636395. O lo que es lo mismo: 1-855-INFO- 395, si es asà ­ mà ¡s fà ¡cil de recordar.  La llamada no tiene costo si se marca desde los Estados Unidos. Desde Mà ©xico, marcar al: 001-520-623-7874. Esta es una llamada internacional y sà ­ tiene un costo. Horario del telà ©fono Hay operarios contestando el telà ©fono los siete dà ­as de la semana, es decir, de lunes a domingo, en horario de 8 de la maà ±ana a 12 de la noche (huso horario de la Costa Este de Estados Unidos, que comprende estados como Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, Virginia o Florida). En la Zona Central, que comprende estados como Texas e Illinois, es una hora menos. Es decir, en hora local llamar desde las 7 de la maà ±ana a las 11 de la noche. En la Zona de Montaà ±a son dos horas menos que en la Costa Este, por lo tanto llamar desde las 6 de la maà ±ana a las 10 de la noche. Comprende estados como Arizona y Nuevo Mà ©xico.   En la Costa del Pacà ­fico son tres horas menos que en la Costa Este. Por lo tanto marcar entre las 5 de la maà ±ana y las 9 de la noche. Entre los estados con este horario se encuentran California, Oregà ³n, Washington y Nevada. En Alaska son 4 horas menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 4 de la maà ±ana y las 8 de la noche. En Hawaii son 5 horas menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 3 de la maà ±ana y las 7 de la tarde. En Mà ©xico   en el D.F.o en Guadalajara, es una hora menos que en la Costa Este. Marcar entre las 7 de la maà ±ana y las 11 de la noche. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.